Anatomy in MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) Essay - 4

Anatomy in MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) - Essay Example These collisions eventually cause the molecules to follow different trajectories, described as random walk. (m852, module1) Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), on the other hand, is another MRI sequence which is indicated for tissues with internal stuctures demonstrating anisotropy similar to that of some crystals, such as white matter axons in the brain or heart muscle fibers. With this anisotropic structure, the water molecules will diffuse faster along the internal structure and slower as it moves perpicularly. Hence, the direction of movement of the molecules, whether parallel or perpendicular to the internal structure will cause a change in the rate of diffusion. The infrastructure of muscle fibre is complicated. This infrastructure determines the functionality of the muscle itself. Diffusion tensor imaging (‘DTI’) is a technique that can be used to better the muscle fibre/functionality relationship (Damon et al, 2002, pp.97-104). In addition to investigation of skeletal muscles, DTI is used for viewing the muscles of the heart, kidney, spinal cord, and brain. DTI is a non-invasive technique that is particularly used for in vivo analysis (Frank et al, 2010, p. 1510). For example, researchers are increasingly interested in the direction information concerning fibrous structures in muscle that DTI can reveal (Villanova et al, 2005, pp 1-38). Direction information concerning fibrous structures in white matter can also be obtained. The following figure, Figure 1, shows Images of the white matters comparing children and adolescents using DTI technology (Barnea Goraly et al 2005, p. 1849). DTI measuring water diffusion in vivo is a pioneering modality (Villanova et al, 2005, pp 1-38). The theory behind DTI is based of cell physiology. Within the cell, the cell membranes and proteins influence the flow of water. These cell membranes and proteins tend to limit the diffusion rate

Pricing Objectives and Strategies of Pixar Animated Studios Essay

Pricing Objectives and Strategies of Pixar Animated Studios - Essay Example One of the most important considerations while setting the price objectives is the fact that how much prices setting objectives corresponds to the overall strategy of the firm. Further to this, the pricing objectives are selected with business and financial goals in the mind. Error: Reference source not found. The possible pricing objectives to be set can be: Considering Pixar in mind, since in entertainment industry prices vary according to the film theaters, therefore, there is a very little bargaining power left to the producers to bargain. A closer look at the situation would suggest that the pricing within the entertainment industry largely depends upon the quality of the content. If films are being liked by the audience than any pricing objective can be set to achieve. It can be either to maximize sales volume, profits or to keep the status quo. If the content is not liked by the audience than any pricing objective and subsequent pricing strategies may not work for the Pixar. As discussed above that the pricing strategy within the entertainment industry does not have preferential rights to set the prices and they are largely being standardized within the industry, therefore, any pricing flexibility may not be working directly for the Pixar. However, within Channel distribution, the negotiable pricing may seem to the right idea for Pixar to work. Since pricing, flexibility within channel distribution will provide them a necessary room to gain more room on the theater for prolonging and a special screening of the films at special prices for the different classes of the customers. Since Pixar is the producer of animated films which are supposed to be more popular with children, therefore, a targeted pricing flexibility against specially arranged screenings may allow it to generate more audience hence more revenue.

Medea, by Euripides: Betrayal and Loyalty

Medea, by Euripides: Betrayal and Loyalty Throughout Greek dramas there is always an underlying message of opposing values. This message allows the audience to learn about human nature, and life lessons. The play Medea, by Euripides, is no exception to this overall pattern in Greek dramas. The play exhibits the conflict between the opposing values betrayal and loyalty through characters and their shifting sympathies. Euripides seems to value loyalty over betrayal through his demonstrations of the dangers of one who lets their emotions take over reason in his tragedy Medea. He shows this through elucidation of secondary characters, a vivid pathos, and clear logos. The play uses pathos, or emotional appeal, to emphasize the importance of loyalty. Medea, in the beginning of the play, was suffering, because Jason did not have the loyalty to stay with her, so the people felt sympathy towards her. Her emotional state was caused by how important loyalty was to her, and now she is completely broken psychologically, Oh I wish That lightning from heaven would split my head open (6). That quote reflects how she is truly feeling, hopeless. Emotionally, Medea brings up the fact that she betrayed her country, her father, and killed her own brother to how emotionally connected she is with her loyalty to Jason, Oh, my father! Oh, my country! In what dishonor I left you, killing my own brother for it (6). From that quote, Medea does not use any words of retribution, which has given her enough emotional appeal that the chorus truly believes that she is the victim of the situation. Logos, or logical appeal, is used in the play to show that Medeas acts of violence were centered more on revenge rather than the prosperity of her children. Medea has had numerous opportunities to obtain a secure lifestyle for herself and her children. Medea is faced with an opportunity to make her and her childrens life better from Jason, and she turns him down saying she doesnt want his pity, I shall never accept favorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Nor take a thing from youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is no benefit in the gifts of a bad man (20). Jason was making a logical argument, but Medea lets her emotions cloud her judgment and refuses Jasons offering, But you refuse what is good for youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You are sure to suffer for it (20). This is showing that Medea is more focused on betraying Jason than her childrens well being, because Jason had offered a logical argument that would have benefited her. If she had accepted Jasons offer, her children would have had some kind of support when they go t into exile. Furthermore, if Jason had been able to marry again, her children would have been considered royalty and would have had a claim for the throne. Medeas avaricious hunger for revenge eventually brings her to slaughter her children. She kills them out of her own benefit not their own, because she is blinded by her own emotions, I know indeed what evil I intend to do, But stronger than all my afterthoughts is my fury, Fury that brings upon mortals the greatest evils (35). That quote reveals her true desires when she is on stage alone. The logical argument here comes from the chorus whose position is that there is no reason good enough for her to slaughter her own children. The chorus eventually had to beg the Gods for Medea to stop and have her reconsider logically about her decision to murder her children, O heavenly light, hold her hand, Check her, and drive from out the house The bloody Fury raised by fiends of Hell (41). That quote shows that Medea has truly gone mad in that she has thrown away all of her sense of reasoning, and is focused entirely on getting revenge. Through logos, Euripides shifts the audiences sympathies from Medea to the victims of her plans. This shows that Loyalty is being emphasized more, because of Jasons offering of help, and the chorus plea to help the children. Some would argue that Euripides makes a strong case for the dangers of betrayal, and that there is not a case for loyalty. They may claim that Medea killed her children because she wanted to betray Jason. Another claim would be that the chorus betrayed Medea because she was going to kill her children. Though, that argument fails when the audience looks at the emotional and logical claims presented by the chorus and Jason. Despite the arguments the Jason presented were callous and anti feminist, the truth is that they support the value of loyalty. Jason believes that Medeas suffering was caused by her own hand, and that if she had been loyal and less emotional the whole epidemic could have been averted. An example would be Medeas exile, which was caused by her cursing the royal family, and thirst for revenge and betrayal, You called down wicked curses on the Kings family (20). Another example would be the death of the princess, which was justified by the chorus whose still loyal to Me dea, Heaven, it seems on this day has fastened many Evils on Jason, and Jason deserved them (40). During the entire play of Medea, Euripides is advocating loyalty by displaying the dangers of uncontrollable betrayal. Through the use of elucidation of secondary characters, a vivid pathos, and clear logos Euripides demonstrates the consequences of one who lets their emotions interfere with their reasoning. He is able to presents that by chasing loyalty, one could never their eyes on the path of retribution. Technological Progress Essay | IT in the Last Decade Technological Progress Essay | IT in the Last Decade Some technological inventions have affected our life greatly for the past decades, especially computers. Its true that computers really provide us more convenient life. With computers, we can deal with many documents even faster, we can use computer to control machines to work, and we can also buy what we want through the Internet on computers. Nevertheless, computers also brought some bad effects to our life; here are some examples of the bad effects that computers have brought to us. One of the bad effects is the impact for art. There are more people tend to create art works by computers, for, those created by computers are neat and tidy. In my opinion, however, they are only squares, straight lines, and other boring things, which are supposed to be called art works. From art works, we can see what an artist wants to deliver to us; we can feel the passion, the eager or even the suffer just like what the artist felt from his/her work. For example, in Renoirs paintings, we can easily find the tenderness and his pity for people because he had given his spirits to his paintings. Even though computers can also make paintings in Renoirs style, we cant see any emotion or spirit in them at all since computers can only imitate rather than create. Another bad effect is that computers have brought much solitude into peoples life. For instance, there are more and more people would like to stay home using computers rather than going out to have interaction with people. This is because these people are poorly educated in a holistic manner. Thus, your viewpoint has caused some misunderstanding. Its not a good phenomenon, for everyone has to know how to get along with others; theres no one can live on his/her own. Whats more, we cant deny that, with the help of computers, we become lazier than we used to be. For example, many students tend to find information simply on the Internet instead of going to libraries for their homework, and if their teachers ask them to hand their homework in type form, the only thing they have to do is copy the information. Therefore, students wont get anything from their assignments. When it comes to technology, some people will lose the original treasure in human beings, like diligence and sociability. We cant rely on technology too much. After all, technology is used to help us. We should take advantage of technology instead of being taken advantage of by technology. References: Karsten Bjerring Olsen, 2006. Productivity Impacts of Offshoring and Outsourcing: A Review, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers 2006/1, OECD, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Robert J. Barro Jong-Wha Lee, 2000. International Data on Educational Attainment Updates and Implications, NBER Working Papers 7911, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Other versions: Robert J. Barro Jong-Wha Lee, 2000. International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications, CID Working Papers 42, Center for International Development at Harvard University. Barro, Robert J Lee, Jong-Wha, 2001. International Data on Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications, Oxford Economic Papers, Oxford University Press, vol. 53(3), pages 541-63, July. Dale W. Jorgenson Khuong Vu, 2005. Information Technology and the World Economy, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 107(4), pages 631-650, December. Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2005. Fear of service outsourcing: is it justified?, Economic Policy, CEPR, CES, MSH, vol. 20(42), pages 308-347, 04. Other versions: Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is it Justified?, IMF Working Papers 04/186, International Monetary Fund. Mary Amiti Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Fear of Service Outsourcing: Is It Justified?, NBER Working Papers 10808, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Sà ©bastien Jean Giuseppe Nicoletti, 2002. Product Market Regulation and Wage Premia in Europe and North America: An Empirical Investigation, OECD Economics Department Working Papers 318, OECD, Economics Department. Dale W. Jorgenson Khuong Vu, 2005. Information technology and the world economy, Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Anne O. Krueger Andrew Berg, 2003. Trade, Growth, and Poverty: A Selective Survey, IMF Working Papers 03/30, International Monetary Fund. Gene M. Grossman Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, 2006. The rise of offshoring: its not wine for cloth anymore, Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, pages 59-102. Andrea Bassanini Romain Duval, 2006. Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 35, OECD, Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs. Other versions: Andrea Bassanini Romain Duval, 2006. Employment Patterns in OECD Countries: Reassessing the Role of Policies and Institutions, OECD Economics Department Working Papers 486, OECD, Economics Department. Katz, Lawrence F. Autor, David H., 1999. Changes in the wage structure and earnings inequality, Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 3, chapter 26, pages 1463-1555 Elsevier. Olivier Blanchard, 1998. Revisiting European Unemployment: Unemployment, Capital Accumulation, and Factor Prices, NBER Working Papers 6566, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Other versions: Blanchard, Olivier, 1998. Revisiting European Unemployment : Unemployment, Capital Accumulation and Factor Prices, Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number GL28. repec:rus:hseeco:123073 is not listed on IDEAS Douglas Gollin, 2002. Getting Income Shares Right, Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 110(2), pages 458-474, April. Other versions: Douglas Gollin, 2001. Getting Income Shares Right, Department of Economics Working Papers 192, Department of Economics, Williams College. Irina Tytell Shang-Jin Wei, 2004. Does Financial Globalization Induce Better Macroeconomic Policies?, IMF Working Papers 04/84, International Monetary Fund. J. Bradford Jensen Lori G. Kletzer, 2005. Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing, Peterson Institute Working Paper Series WP05-9, Peterson Institute for International Economics. Slaughter, Matthew J., 2001. International trade and labor-demand elasticities, Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(1), pages 27-56, June. Young, Alwyn, 1995. The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, MIT Press, vol. 110(3), pages 641-80, August. Fajnzylber, Pablo Lederman, Daniel, 1999. Economic reforms and total factor productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean (1950-95) an empirical note, Policy Research Working Paper Series 2114, The World Bank.

Unspoken Comparison in Tacituss Germania Essay -- Germania

Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Tacitus's Germania is a thoroughly itemized ethnographic text detailing the geography, climate and social structure of Germany and its people. Unlike his Histories and Annales Tacitus doesn't offer a story line to be followed, but instead, he nudges forth an unspoken comparison to be made between two cultures. Each of the Germania's 46 passages deals with a particular area of German civilization among which Tacitus develops a two-tiered theme. The two points he tries to make generally clear are the following: A) The Germans are barbaric, savage and stupid†¦but†¦ B) The Germans are quaint, noble and have some redeeming qualities that make them a formidable enemy worthy of fighting. However, these two points don't manifest themselves during the Germania's first passage on physical location. Tacitus lets us know right off the start where Germany is positioned in terms of its bordering territories and informs us among several other geographical details that the rivers Rhine and Danube separate Germany from the Galli, Rhaeti and Pannonii. The name "Germany" according to Tacitus originates from the name of a tribe that drove the Gauls out of what would ultimately become German territory. Ever since those times, the name "Germany" was believed to inspire terror when heard. Tacitus makes mention of the fact that within sections of their mythological and religious structure, Hercules and Ulysses carry significant influence and this contributes to his theory (along with their distinctive looks) that the Germans developed their particula... ...bject of divination. The horse to the Germans is the most trusted species of augury and at public expense they have white horses kept in sacred groves for the taking of auspices which is conducted by noting the horse's various snorts and neighs. Tacitus claims that business was not tended to without being armed and for the younger men, a sword and shield would be bestowed upon them at a certain age which he describes as a seeming equivalent to the Roman toga of manhood. To be surrounded by a large group of picked young armed men was a prestigious and honorable thing, or as Tacitus would put it, "an ornament in peace and defense in war". The Germans according to Tacitus found their nobility through war and felt that it was better to receive from blood and wounds than to receive from hard work and sweat tilling a field. Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Essay -- Germania Unspoken Comparison in Tacitus's Germania Tacitus's Germania is a thoroughly itemized ethnographic text detailing the geography, climate and social structure of Germany and its people. Unlike his Histories and Annales Tacitus doesn't offer a story line to be followed, but instead, he nudges forth an unspoken comparison to be made between two cultures. Each of the Germania's 46 passages deals with a particular area of German civilization among which Tacitus develops a two-tiered theme. The two points he tries to make generally clear are the following: A) The Germans are barbaric, savage and stupid†¦but†¦ B) The Germans are quaint, noble and have some redeeming qualities that make them a formidable enemy worthy of fighting. However, these two points don't manifest themselves during the Germania's first passage on physical location. Tacitus lets us know right off the start where Germany is positioned in terms of its bordering territories and informs us among several other geographical details that the rivers Rhine and Danube separate Germany from the Galli, Rhaeti and Pannonii. The name "Germany" according to Tacitus originates from the name of a tribe that drove the Gauls out of what would ultimately become German territory. Ever since those times, the name "Germany" was believed to inspire terror when heard. Tacitus makes mention of the fact that within sections of their mythological and religious structure, Hercules and Ulysses carry significant influence and this contributes to his theory (along with their distinctive looks) that the Germans developed their particula... ...bject of divination. The horse to the Germans is the most trusted species of augury and at public expense they have white horses kept in sacred groves for the taking of auspices which is conducted by noting the horse's various snorts and neighs. Tacitus claims that business was not tended to without being armed and for the younger men, a sword and shield would be bestowed upon them at a certain age which he describes as a seeming equivalent to the Roman toga of manhood. To be surrounded by a large group of picked young armed men was a prestigious and honorable thing, or as Tacitus would put it, "an ornament in peace and defense in war". The Germans according to Tacitus found their nobility through war and felt that it was better to receive from blood and wounds than to receive from hard work and sweat tilling a field.

Marketing Energy Drinks to Americas Youth Essay

As I started collecting information for this paper, I soon realized that the energy drink industry is a very small (18 percent) part of the beverage industry, but a very dominant part to say the least. Interestingly, the major players in the industry, Monster Energy, Red Bull, and Rockstar, have intentionally veered away from the conventional mediums used to promote products. They instead have chosen marketing mediums that appeal more to their target markets and the â€Å"live life on the edge† lifestyles that they live. Monster for example, shies away from mass market advertising; instead they focus all of their sales efforts and marketing muscle on sponsoring action sports athletes, artists and musical, events and tours. All of this ties in with the company’s overall philosophy that Monster isn’t just a beverage, but a lifestyle brand (Landi). â€Å"The key is for us (Monster) to retain what we do best, which is marketing in an unconventional way and keep that feel for the brand,† said Rodney Sacks, CEO of Hansen Natural Corp. â€Å"Monster is all about action sports, punk rock music, partying, girls, and living life on the edge† (Landi). The companies that produce energy drinks are using the current popularity of action sports such as motocross, skateboarding, BMX, etc. , to showcase their products and to further brand awareness. It’s not coincidental that the demographic that participates in these sports and idolizes its professional athletes are also the same demographic that consumes energy drinks. You’ll see very few TV commercials or print ads promoting energy drinks but when you turn on the ESPN produced X-Games, just about every athlete participating is sponsored by Red Bull, Monster, or Rockstar. John Lee, director of sports marketing for Monster Energy Drink says, â€Å"We don’t do print ads or television. We strictly have promoted our brand through athletes and the events that the athletes compete in. † With our current generation (Gen – Y) of young Americans being the first to really grow up with the Web, it is important for marketeers to embrace the use of the internet as a vital marketing tool and communication medium (Ness). â€Å"This group has a lot of lifetime ahead of them and that makes their Lifetime Value (LTV) high for marketers,† says Greg Ness, Chief Strategy Officer, Burst Media. Ness was also quick to point out that, â€Å"one-third of current college students spend 10 or more hours online per week and one-fifth spend 20 hours or more online. † Ness concludes, â€Å"Their time online exceeds the amount of time they are spending watching TV or listening to the radio. † Monster has recently starting using the internet as a recruiting / marketing tool of sorts when they introduced the â€Å"Monster Army. † The Army is a â€Å"grassroots marketing outreach community that also locates up-and-coming athletes seeking sponsorship opportunities† (Campanelli). In the past few years, more than 50,000 athletes (recruits) have signed up as members of the Monster Army where more than 1,000 of them are currently sponsored through the program. â€Å"It’s been a very successful program, our Army members are out there spreading the word about our products, telling ten of their friends who in turn tell ten of their friends, it’s a snowball effect† (Lee). In addition Monster has also recently announced an exclusive relationship with the Loop’d Network, a social media platform exclusively for online sports communities. The Loop’d Network currently boasts more than 200,000 members worldwide (Campanelli). The history of energy drinks is much deeper than most would imagine. Japan is credited for pioneering the energy drink phenomenon, but the first mass produced energy drink was called Lucozade, and was launched in 1929, in the UK (Research Wikis). It wasn’t until Red Bull, which was first launched in 1987, and introduced the United States to the world of energy drinks a decade later that the energy drink industry really took off (Reuters). Red Bull might have had the first big impact on the market in 1997, but Monster, launched in 2002, by Hansen Natural Corp. has clearly made a strong impression on the market. With its initial market share of 12 percent in 2003, Monster now has a 30 percent hold on the market while Red Bull maintains 25 percent (Reuters). Past portrayals of energy drinks were for the most part all negative as energy drinks are not regulated by the FDA and most contain large amounts of sugar, sodium, and caffeine, among other things. Some brands and flavors have a caffeine content that can range from a modest 50 mg. to an alarming 505 mg. per can (Reissig). For example, an 8. 3 oz. can of Red Bull contains 76 mg. of caffeine which is about twice what a 12 oz.can of Coke contains (LeBlanc). A 16 oz. can of Monster contains about 14 teaspoons of sugar and 200 calories (LeBlanc). So what are all of these â€Å"negative† energy boosting drinks doing to our bodies? A recent study done by Wayne State University in Detroit showed that consumption of energy drinks increased blood pressure and heart rate levels in healthy adults that drank two cans a day (LeBlanc). With all of those negative aspects there must be something good in energy drinks. There is a long list of beneficial ingredients that can be found in most of the energy drinks on the market today. They include; vitamin B-complex, antioxidant vitamins C and E, the amino acid taurine, bee pollen, inositol, glucuronolactone, and herbal extracts from ginseng, guarana, ginkgo biloba, horny goat weed, milk thistle, yerba mate, damiana, rosemary, skullcap, black seed, royal jelly, and white willow, among others (Berry). The overall benefits that energy drinks are said to produce include stress relief, sobering effects, an improved love life, increased stamina, sharper reflexes, heightened alertness, virility, and they’ll stimulate your metabolism (Berry). The demographic that energy drink companies are after is rather broad. While their number one consumer fits the description of a young white male between the ages of 16 to 25, energy drink companies are broadening their marketing horizons and are now looking at men, women, and children between the ages of 12 and 40 (LeBlanc). â€Å"Younger kids see drinking energy drinks as something their parents might disapprove of,† says Jim Karwowski of Power Brands. A market that has yet to be fully tapped into is the female consumer. While the number of female consumers has grown 74 percent over the last five years, women are still considered the minority population when it comes to energy drinkers. Almost 20 percent of men say they drink energy drinks while only 10 percent of women say they do (Francella). I’ll be using information gathered from a number of different research papers as well as reports produced from beverage industry insiders to substantiate my findings on the marketing techniques being used to lure America’s youth into becoming loyal consumers. Method: During this study I coded 60 magazines. I reviewed issues of Racer X Illustrated and Motocross Action Magazine looking for ads from energy drink companies. My goal was to find print ads directly from the energy drink companies themselves that promoted their product. Once found (if found), I would evaluate what the ad was about and what demographic the ad was targeting. I watched and coded 10 TV commercials (via YouTube) in an attempt to figure out if the messages shown were directed towards a particular market. The only â€Å"corporate made† TV commercials I was able to find were from Red Bull and Rockstar. I found a variety of homemade Monster commercials but none that would have been endorsed by the corporate office. With Red Bull, four of the ads were animated and four were of Red Bull sponsored athletes. The two Rockstar commercials were based around music, one having a more psychedelic look while the other had a guitar player helping a stranded woman. My goal here was to evaluate what the ads were about and what demographic the ads was intended for. I reviewed and coded four web sites, three from energy drink companies and one from an action sports promotion company. My objective while evaluating these sites was to see what groups of people, whether it was men or women, and what age range was the information intended for. I found a vast amount of information to dissect and code from companies that are within the beverage industry. These are companies that do product reviews, market analysis, and product introductions, among other things. Two common messages that I repeatedly found in these articles revolved around college kids using energy drinks to mix with alcohol and the overall abuse of energy drinks. My objective here was to get an idea of how many college kids fall into one of these two groups. Although my options were limited due to a lack of documentation from other academic researchers, I was able to find, evaluate, and code information from four other academic research papers. I was able to find these documents after an exhaustive search using Lexis Nexis, Psychinfo, and the Social Science Citation Index via the Joyner Library. I came across a huge inventory of other academic research papers that were based on similar subjects, but to gain access to more than the first paragraph I would have had to sign up for subscriptions and pay fees. I’m hoping that my frugalness will not negatively impact my grade and hope the information that I was able to obtain and evaluate will satisfy the requirements of this paper. While evaluating and coding the different mediums I looked at the overall tone of the material. Was the tone very harsh and bold, which would possibly be directed more towards college aged males? Was the tone very light hearted and fun which would be more appealing to a younger population and/or women? Or lastly, did the ad have some sexual overtones and innuendos which could either be directed at young men or women? Results: Being a subscriber of Racer X Illustrated and/or Motocross Action Magazine for the last 30 years, I have found that I look at many of the ads in those magazines in a rather numb, non-consuming state of mind. I’ve seen the ads so many times that I know all about the companies and their products so I don’t pay much attention to them. To my surprise, after looking at 60 different magazines that were printed over a span of five years, I didn’t find a single ad that was specifically advertising the actual energy drink. I found a large variety of ads that were promoting energy drink sponsored events, but none for the drinks themselves. The majority of the sponsored events were either motocross races, action sports events, or alternative rock concerts (the Vans Warped Tour) and bands (Linkin Park). If I was to describe the age, sex, and race of the attendees of these events it would probably be predominantly 16 – 25 year old, white, males. Although I didn’t find any product ads in the magazines it was nearly impossible to turn a page and not find pictures of riders or motorcycles that didn’t have the name or logo of an energy drink showing. I felt the four animated Red Bull commercials could be perceived as trying to target the very young viewers and the female market as much as anything else. They were light hearted, funny cartoons that weren’t big, bold, and overbearing. The four Red Bull commercials featuring their sponsored athletes were very action packed and intense. They included Robbie â€Å"Mado† Madison jumping his motorcycle onto the roof of a building in Las Vegas, â€Å"B-boy Ronnie† freestyle break dancing, big wave surfer Ian Walsh, and stunt plane pilot Kirby Chambliss. While the animated commercials carried the pitch, â€Å"Red Bull Gives You Wings,† the commercials with the athletes concluded with the athlete saying, â€Å"Welcome to my World, the World of Red Bull. † These action driven commercials were in my opinion made for the thrill seeking male consumer between the ages of 16 to 25. I also found that Red Bull’s marketing plan has the brand pursuing traditional advertising such as TV commercials as its last phase of product market development (Hein). â€Å"Media is not a tool that we use to establish the market,† says Red Bull’s Vice President of Marketing, David Rohdy. â€Å"The idea is to reinforce, not introduce the brand. Only when a market is deemed mature does the company begin a media push,† concluded Rohdy. Red Bull typically creates two new TV spots each year and runs them in their â€Å"mature markets† (Hein). The four web sites that I reviewed and coded were the corporate web sites of Red Bull: http://www. redbull. com/ , Rockstar Energy Drink: http://www. rockstar69. com/ , Monster Energy: http://www. monsterenergy. com/. In addition to the three top selling energy drink brands I also looked at Alli Sports: http://www. allisports. com/ the promoter of some of the biggest action sports series and events in the world. Themes that were consistent with all four of the sites were action, youth, and energy, energy, energy. The Red Bull site was the most clean cut and professional looking site out of the three beverage sites. I’m not saying that the Rockstar and Monster sites were cheaply made, or have an unprofessional appearance, but the Red Bull site looks like something you would present to share holders of the company. It has the least amount of â€Å"boldness† of the three beverage sites, but is packed full of well filmed video clips showing off their sponsored athletes. I don’t know if the fact that the corporate base for Red Bull is in Austria has anything to do with the web sites visual appeal, but it’s definitely a different approach than its competition took. With the look and accessibility of this site and its features I felt like it was geared for an older more mature audience. I didn’t see the sight selling the sexual appeal of women as much as I did on the Rockstar site. I think Red Bull’s site would appeal to both men and women ages 15 to 40. The Rockstar site was definitely the edgiest of the three beverage sites. Just on the home page alone you see ads for mixed martial arts fights and heavy metal concerts that the brand is sponsoring. If you look further down you can watch a short video clip of five beautiful, big breasted women posing on motorcycles and race cars. There’s also links that talk about the variety of products they offer as well as links to the various music and sports events that they sponsor to include the sponsored bands and athletes that participate in those events. I felt that the Rockstar site was definitely geared for young, white, males, ages 15 to 30. Overall I thought that the site had a very harsh tone to it and women probably wouldn’t appreciate it. With a mix of the fighters and rock concert promotions flashing on the screen a viewer might even feel some rage building inside while viewing the site. The Monster site was all about speed. The home page had a constantly changing look that showcased many Monster sponsored racers. The site overall was neatly laid out. It didn’t have as clean and crisp of a look as Red Bull had but it wasn’t as busy as the Rockstar site was. The site was easy to navigate and was very appealing to the eye. I feel the overall look of the site and the message that it gives was directed more towards the young, white, male between the ages of 15 and 35. The site is very dark, as the background is black, and has a hardcore feel and tone. I think women might be turned off by that. One feature on the Monster site that is inviting to a broader fan / consumer base is the Monster Army. I think the idea of being a part of something is a selling point for many of today’s youth. I think the Monster Army is an appealing environment for both sexes with an age range of 12 to 40. The Alli Sports web site focuses on the promotion of the action sports events that they promote. Although Alli Sports doesn’t have direct sponsorship deals with any of the leading energy drink companies, all of the athletes that are sponsored by those companies participate in Alli Sports produced events. The same demographic that participates in BMX, motocross, wakeboarding, skateboarding, and other alternative action sports that Alli promotes also consume energy drinks. I feel the Alli site is geared more towards the fans of action sports which could be male or female between the ages of 12 and 40. It’s a very bright web site and has a low key and fun overall tone to it. Both the articles I found from industry insiders as well as the academic research papers that I found voiced similar issues and concerns. One issue of concern and importance addressed the use of energy drinks by college students. I was unaware of the fact that many energy drinks are on the list of nutritional supplements banned by the NCAA. Caffeine is a stimulant and college athletes will fail a drug test if the concentration of caffeine in their sample is 15 micrograms per milliliter. That would be the equivalent of slamming five to 10 cups of coffee before a game (Moritz). Another concern that researchers have is the increasing number of college students that are consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks. In the fall of 2006, 4,271 college students from 10 universities in North Carolina were surveyed about their consumption of energy drinks, alcohol, and the combination of the two. The results of the survey showed that 697 of the students had consumed one or more energy drinks within the last 30 days, and one-quarter of the students said that they mixed alcohol and energy drinks. Looking at the amount of energy drinks consumed by the two sexes it was discovered that men drank on average 2. 49 energy drinks per month while women drank 1. 22 drinks per month. Students who were young, male, white, intramural athletes, and fraternity members or pledges, were significantly more likely to drink energy drinks that those in other demographics (O’Brien, Miller). With college students’ taking heavier class loads and the ever present concern of one’s grades, caffeine abuse has been on the rise on college campuses. There has been an increase in reports of caffeine intoxication from the mass consumption of energy drinks as well as an overall an increase in the number of students that are dealing with caffeine dependence and withdrawal issues (Reissig). The poison control center in Chicago has handled 265 cases of caffeine abuse involving energy drinks in the last three years. The users’ average age was under 21 (LeBlanc). Interpretation: Based on information I reviewed, I feel that the energy drink industry is very strong and will continue to grow. I think the marketeers of the energy drinks are doing a great job at getting visibility for their products and they’re focusing on a set consumer demographic that has huge spending power. The youth and college students today are easily influenced and have a strong influence on the products their peers buy. The studies show that because these energy drink companies are gaining brand loyalty from their consumers at a young age that the odds are in their favor that they will become lifelong consumers. Taking the unconventional route to marketing may or may not be any cheaper than doing normal TV spots that Coke and Pepsi do. Either way, the leaders of the energy drink market are making it work for them. From a financial standpoint, I think the return on investment will come faster in the energy drink industry than it ever has in any other aspect of the beverage industry. Selling 8 oz. cans for over $2 a can is a quick way to make money. Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar are dominating the energy drink industry when it comes to consumer preference with white male’s ages 12 to 40, but what about the ladies? The industry has yet to scratch the surface of the young female consumer market. Granted, there aren’t too many professional female athletes participating in alternative sports yet, but there are other lines of approach that the industry needs to consider. I remember seeing a bumper sticker once that said, â€Å"Girls Kick Ass. † It is that same kick ass mentality that has made energy drinks as popular as they are today. I think it will only be a matter of time before we see one of the power players in the energy drink industry come out with a product specifically marketed towards women. Maybe a black Monster can with a hot pink claw mark rather than the green one, who knows?! I foresee the FDA getting involved sooner than later with regulations on how much sugar, sodium, and caffeine can be in each product. I don’t feel that mixing energy drinks and alcohol is that big of a problem and personally hope laws don’t get created to prohibit such mixes. I think that if an individual is going to consume alcohol irresponsibly, they are going to do it regardless on the fact that an energy drink is or isn’t part of their drink selection. Bibliography: Campanelli, M. and Lee, J. , eMarketingandCommerce. com (2007). â€Å"Social Media Tips from Monster Energy† (accessed June 9, 2009). Available at: http://www. emarketingandcommerce. com/view/106 Landi, H. , Hall, M. , and Sacks, R. , Beverage World (2009) â€Å"Monster Energy: A Mighty Force† (accessed June 9, 2009) Available at: http://www. beverageworld. com/content/view/35687/ Scribd, BevNet, Research Wikis (2006) â€Å"Research Wikis Energy Drink marketing Research† (accessed June 10, 2009) Available at: http://www. scribd. com/doc/3259151/ResearchWikis-Energy-Drinks-Marketing-Research Rajan, A. , Reuters (2009) â€Å"Hansen’s Monster Takes the Fight to Red Bull’s Turf† (accessed June 10, 2009) Available at: http://www. reuters. com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE5313N320090402 Francella, B. , CS News Online (2008) â€Å"Energy Drink Sales Growth Running Out of Steam? † (accessed June 10, 2009). Available at: http://www. csnews. com/csn/index. jsp Search: â€Å"Energy Drink Sales† Berry, B., Agri-Food Trade Service (2008) â€Å"The Energy Drink Segment in North America† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://www. ats. agr. gc. ca/us/4387_e. htm LeBlanc, P. , Austin American Statesman (2008). â€Å"The Buzz on Energy Drinks – Energy Drinks Booming in Popularity† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://www. statesman. com/ Search: â€Å"The Buzz on Energy Drinks† Hein, K. , and Rohdy, D. , Brandweek (2001) â€Å"A Bull’s Market – the Marketing of Red Bull Energy Drink† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0BDW/is_22_42/ai_75286777/?tag=content;col1 Moritz, A. , Tribune Business News (2008). â€Å"Think Before Using an Energy Drink: Colleges† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://proquest. umi. com. jproxy. lib. ecu. edu/login? COPT=REJTPUc2 Search in the ProQuest Research Library database: â€Å"Think Before Using an Energy Drink: Colleges† Reissig, C. J. , Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (2009) â€Å"Caffeinated Energy Drinks – A Growing Problem† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://web. ebscohost. com. jproxy. lib.ecu. edu/ehost/search? vid=1&hid=6&sid=5b788385-77d0-43c3-8372-037638da0fc6%40SRCSM2 Search in the PsycINFO database: â€Å"Caffeinated Energy Drinks – A Growing Problem† O’Brien, M. C. , Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Winston Salem, NC (2008) â€Å"Caffeinated Cocktails: Energy Drink Consumption, High-Risk Drinking, and Alcohol- Related Consequences Among College Students† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://apps. isiknowledge. com. jproxy. lib. ecu. edu/summary. do? qid=2&product=WOS&SID=1BONI6HlgO3hemOl6fP&search_mode=GeneralSearch. Miller, K. E. , SUNY Coll Buffalo, Res Inst Addict, Buffalo, NY – Journal of American College Health (2008) â€Å"Wired: Energy Drinks, Jock Identity, Masculine Norms, and Risk Taking† (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://apps. isiknowledge. com. jproxy. lib. ecu. edu/summary. do? qid=5&product=WOS&SID=1BONI6HlgO3hemOl6fP&search_mode=GeneralSearch Ness, G. , Chief Strategy Officer, Sundog. net (2006) â€Å"Marketing to College Students 101 (accessed June 11, 2009) Available at: http://www. sundog. net/sunblog/posts/marketing-to-college-students-101/.

How Does Rossetti Tell the Story in ‘Jessie Cameron’?

How does Rossetti tell the story in ‘Jessie Cameron’? Rossetti uses the title of the poem to help tell the story in ‘Jessie Cameron’. Whilst Jessie’s full name is used as the title of the poem and repeatedly referred to throughout, the name of her lover is not once mentioned. Instead Jessie calls him ‘neighbour’s son’ avoiding any more intimate communication. This suggests that she does not regard him as highly in her life as he may regard her, it also suggests that she doesn’t want to lead him on, but because she makes it so obvious that she has no interest in him it may imply that she is tired of him chasing after her.This use of dialogue by the third person narrator makes the poem seem a lot less biased as we are allowed to see the story from Jessie’s very own perspective. In addition to this, the fact that her surname is drawn upon it suggests that the poem make reflect the permanence, a lot like Jessie herself it will not be changed for the sake of a man. The fact that Jessie chooses not to give in to a man wanting to marry her would have surprised a lot of Victorian readers who did not believe that women should be free to do as they pleased but should accept an offer of marriage when it was given, whether or not they loved the man.As a result of this it could be suggested that the Victorian attitude towards marriage contributed to the confusion of Jessie’s lover who finds her free-will hard to accept. She claims that she had already told him ‘long ago’ that she will not accept his marriage proposal, but he seems to find this difficult to understand. Through the use of more dialogue it seems to suggest that Rossetti wants to make the point that remaining single is not the message she wants to get across: â€Å"For me you’re not the man of men†, rather that women should only marry out of choice if she loves and who is, for her, above all other men.Because di alogue is used so much throughout the poem it could be suggested that the third person narrator feels self-conscious towards the fact that they’re narrative alone would not be sufficient enough in order for the reader to trust what they are saying. As a result, it could be suggested that the reader feels as if the use of dialogue makes the narrator’s narrative seem less reliable and trustworthy which in turn makes us doubt the rest of their narrative which makes us more critical as observers and allows us to understand the potential messages that Rossetti wishes to portray throughout the poem. Home, her home, was close at hand†, the repetition of the word ‘home’ acts as a juxtaposition to the landscape of the beach and sea described throughout the poem. It contrasts that Jessie’s house is sheltered and safe, whereas this stands in opposition to the danger of the sea that she finds herself surrounded by. It emphasises the danger of the sea and in addition to this Rossetti wants to warn women about the danger of becoming trapped in a loveless marriage with someone, making them feel unfilled just like Jessie when she realises that she is near to death.

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays

A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essays A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay A Pleasurable and Educational Preschool Observation Essay I observed a 4 twelvemonth old preschool category during playday in Staten Island. New York. The category consisted of eight kids. and one certified preschool instructor. There were 4 male childs and 4 misss in the category. During my 60 minute observation I noticed several cases of dramatic drama. peer relationships. relationships with grownups. and self-denial. Dramatic Play During my observation. I witnessed a group of two- one male child and one girl-playing house. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) kids frequently use playing house as an chance to research world and their societal functions based on grownup behaviour. The two kids that I observed explored world and their societal functions as they pretended to eat dinner together as household. The brace even took it a measure farther as they included doll babes to play as their kids. As the kids played house. the miss cooked dinner and the male child sat at the tabular array waiting for dinner to be ready. As the male child waited for dinner to be ready. he got up. walked around as if he was looking for something and came back with two babe dolls and told the miss. here they can sit following to you . The male child had assigned the miss a sensed female function. to be the female parent and attention for the babe. While the miss had assigned herself a female function. to cook for the male. Therefore. the male child was automatically assigned a sensed male function. to wait for the female to complete cookery so he could eat. The pair’s dramatic drama demonstrates how kids begin to understand standard gender functions and play consequently during early childhood ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . This drama interaction was non gender segregated. This non-gender segregated drama is a good illustration of how kids play based on their gender. Although. many immature kids prefer to play with same sex couples. I believe this was non the instance because the brace felt playing house required a female and male to suit the right gender functions. I besides believe that mass media plays a strong function in the manner preschool kids play in their sensed gender functions. Harmonizing to Kirkorian. Wartella and Anderson ( 2008 ) . by preschool age kids are active telecasting viewing audiences. Therefore. if kids watch shows that are based on household life. such as Modern Family. they will detect a strong presence of adult females in the kitchen and lovingness for kids. and theoretical account similar behaviours. Relationships with Adults During my observation there was small interaction with the instructor. Children seemed to prefer to play with their equals. One teacher-student interaction I observed was a backdown relationship. The instructor tried to prosecute the brace of kindergartners playing house. However. her battle was unsuccessful. The instructor walked over to the pair’s drama station and asked about the babies’ names. The brace answered the instructor but did non prosecute other than replying the inquiry. During the clip the instructor was oppugning the brace. the miss got up from the drama dinner tabular array and walked over to play with another group. a group of misss. This illustration supports Garvey ( 1990 ) and Harper and McCluskey ( 2003 ) statement that the attending of an grownup or instructor may impede children’s peer interactions. The girl’s reaction to the instructor interrupting her drama scenario was backdown. Another teacher-student interaction I observed was a friendly interaction. The instructor engaged a male child who was with trucks in drama. During this interaction. the male child was playing entirely with autos and trucks. The instructor asked if she could play with him. and he agreed. The instructor and pupil so played with autos and trucks in a friendly mode. This is normal as there is a inclination for instructors to pass more clip with kids who are less societal than more societal kids ( Harper and McCluskey. 2003 ) . The male child in this instance could be perceived as less societal than others as he played entirely the full hr. During my observation I did non see attachment-seeking behaviour from the kids towards the grownups. However. I did hold the opportunity to detect one preschool miss dropped off by her female parent prior to my observation. The preschool girl’s behaviour was crabbed and aggressive. The miss cried and kicked while the female parent signed the miss in. The ma tried to comfort the miss. but looked like she needed comforting herself. By and large. separation from female parents can be nerve-racking for kids. nevertheless. separation from kids can besides be nerve-racking for female parents ( Balaban et al. . 2002 ) . Peer Relationship One equal relationship I observed consisted of three misss playing dress-up. Unlike the old brace that was non gender segregated. this group of misss was gender segregated. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) in early childhood. kids make friends with other kids of the same gender and age. As these misss engaged in dramatic drama they were really nice to each other. They played with each other’s hair. did each other’s makeup. and referred to each other as my best friend . After the Forth miss in the category finished playing house with the male child. she approached the three misss and asked if she could play with them. The three misss took the Forth misss play induction as a struggle. The three misss so teamed up and said no manner. you’re non our friend to the 4th miss in the category. Young kids frequently use the term friend and playfellow interchangeable. Harmonizing to Hutchinson ( 2011 ) . immature kids see the definition of a friend as person you play with. Therefore. when the 4th miss asked to play with the three misss she was excluded because she played with the male child and was the boy’s friend and non the three girl’s friend. Self-denial During my observation. I witness one case of aggression. One miss was constructing a princess castle with edifice blocks and a male child came by and kicked over the palace. The miss instantly got up and pushed the male child and the male child pushed the miss back. The male child or miss did non demo any self-regulation as they engaged in a battle. Besides. there was no helpful or empathetic prosocial behaviour. as the children’s actions did non forestall negative urges. In this case of self-control or deficiency of self-denial. the male child and the miss exhibited both instrumental aggression. contending over playthings and physical aggression. physical force against person. However. these signifier of aggression is normal for preschool aged kids as aggression additions during early childhood old ages ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . Fortunately. aggressive behaviours usually deteriorate by the terminal of early childhood as kids learn to better pass on their demands ( Hutchinson. 2011 ) . My preschool observation was a enjoyable experience. I was able to watch eight happy kids play. battle. laugh. and gag with each other. My observation was besides an educational experience as I was able to use theories learned in category to existent life state of affairss. Overall. my observation experience was both gratifying and educational. Mentions Balaban. N. . Brodkin. A. M. . David. J. . Drucker. J. . Feder-Feitel. L. . A ; Greenberg. P. ( 2002 ) . A Great Start To School. Scholastic Parent A ; Child. 10 ( 1 ) . 40-45. Harper. Lawrence V A ; McCluskey. Karen S. ( 2003 ) . Teacher-child and child-child interactions in inclusive preschool scenes: Do grownups suppress peer interactions? Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 18. 163-184. doi:10. 1016/S0885-2006 % 2803 % 2900025-5 Hutchison. E. ( 2011 ) . Early Childhood. In Dimensions of human behaviour: The Changing Life Course ( 4th ed. ) . Los Angeles: Sage. Kirkorian. H. . Wartella. E. . A ; Anderson. D. ( 2008 ) . Media And Young Children’s Learning. The Future of Children. 18 ( 1 ) . 39-61. Garvery. C. ( 1990 ) . Play. Cambridge. Ma: Harvard University Press.

Love letter from Lady Croom to Septimus (from teh Book Arcadia, by Tom Stoppard)

Love letter from Lady Croom to Septimus (from teh Book Arcadia, by Tom Stoppard) To my True Love Septimus,It's important for me to paint my love for you in words. If it were possible, I would do this in person, while holding you in my arms and gazing into your eyes. But I cannot. Physically separated by legal bounds, you still are all my heart ever needed to complete me.You are everything I never knew I always wanted. You make me feel things I have never felt before. You are the world to me. To you my heart belongs. The thought of you refreshes my senses and relaxes my spirit. I feel alive.In a timeless place, I'd want for us to be eternally together. Although it's easy for me to love you, it's hard to live without you. I walk the world a free woman, yet as long as I love you I am not. I am chained to you. You are my food and my air.To Rome, with loveWithout you I cannot live.I love you with all my mind, spirit and body.I live for the day when physical separation will not exist anymore. Until then, my love and passionate kisses belong to you.Eternally,Lady Croom

Anais Nin Biography

Anais Nin Biography Essay Anais Nin was a passionate woman, not only in her works but also in her life. The fact that she lived life to the fullest is what made her books so intriguing. Although her diaries were a chronicle of her experience, her fiction showed the reader sides of her while displaying everyones innermost desires. In her own words Nin says, the role of the writer is not to say what we can all say, but what we are unable to say Rollins, and she does exactly that. For this reason her works take one on a journey through ones soul and allows the pondering which may never have been considered. This feeling of self discovery is quite powerful and erotic; the enpowerment supplies a feeling of utter enjoyment. This is why Anais Nins books are ageless, and they are impossible to parallel or surpass. Though many authors draw their story ideas from life experiences. Anais takes most directly in order to make them pure and unclouded by the imagination. This is why her favorite method of writing was the use of her actual diaries. She wrote of her many love affairs and personal traumas in order to educate the reader as well as to examine her true self. For it is known that one person could not experience all that is possible, and therefore one must learn from others mistakes as well as their own. Nin is greatly renown for her diaries, especially for her famous letters of her affair with Henry Miller . This later amounted to a movie based on the relationship Henry and June in 1986 site 1. Yet her fiction, although quite intellectual and harder to grasp than her diaries, also reveals a lot about the writer and open views on all aspects of living. She is creative enough to allow all to draw something personal from her writings, and this makes reading her novels an experience that one could associate with some aspect of their own life. Nins heightened sensitivity and perception site 1 are derived from her fiery lifestyle which started when she was very young. She was born in France, a country of vast influence, and she traveled throughout Europe for most of her childhood. When She was twelve years old she was relocated to New York, where the culture and diversity is unparalleled. She experience d so many lifestyles as various occupations: a dancer, a teacher, and later on even a psychoanalyst Scholar 5. She lived a very free life style for the time period, and she enjoyed this liberation to the fullest. She had many affairs, but she also had many great relationships that helped her improve and most of all experience. Through all of this she never lost the ability to appreciate her solitude. As her fictitious novels are analyzed it will be shown that a large part of Anais Nin resides in every one of her works, but she made sure to leave enough to allow a little piece of every reader to fit.! In this way the reader may be alone but in good company. Anais creates this aura by using the literary device known as negative capability, which is basically concurrence with the philosophy of saying less is saying more Walsh. She writes in such a way that allows one to see a general idea that does not cheapen a complicated idea by trying to isolate and define it. The theories which she attempts to explain are often too complicated for words, so Nin often turns to surrealism when she can think of no other way to address them. READ: The Lottery by Shirley Jackson EssayHuman emotion and existence is not something that can be black or white, and Nin describes it as somewhere in the gray area Knapp 39-68. The use of poetic and stream-of-conscientiousness phrasing allows the reader to find there own relative truth, since absolute truth in these situations are impossible. Her metaphors are powerful and shocking, but Nin was not an extreme surrealist. She believed in the fusing of the conscious and unconscious minds to allow one to see the total picture, instead of only looking from one point of view. Negative capability is best displayed in The House of Incest since this book was based largely upon Nin own dreams. She embarks upon a journey of self-discovery in this novel and starts out in a very logical place, the womb. The idea of a sense of peace and structure are seen through liquid and fuzziness which seem to make one want to remain there forever. Yet one does not attempt to live then one may be punished for this passive approach. Intellectual and social growth is a human need and must be met or else despair is inevitable. Therefore Nin traces the paths of human emotions and stances through many different people, who in actuality are all parts of a whole. She also explores the themes of lesbian love and incest by detailing how they allow the whole to feel safe and nurtured. Nin feels that one can not become too comfortable in one position or stuck in a rut that can cause on to die emotionally. Therefore her incestual character Isolina is sent to a horrible place, the house of incest, because she has tried to hide behind her brothers protection. Isolina never escapes or repents for her sins unlike her counterpart the dancer who recovers from selfishly cling to the ones she loved Nin House of Incest. Therefore she escaped her torment: And she danced, she danced with the music and with rhythm of earths circles, she turned with the earth turning, like a disk, turning all faces to light and to darkness evenly, dancing towards daylight DISCovering Authors. In these vague identifications and character references Anais presents, she suggests to the reader that man is a sum of many parts that will never equal the ideal self. Consequently one can not ignore any of their personalities or demand perfection without falling into decay or someplace equal to the dreadful house of incest DISCovering Authors. The prose style of the work lends to the subject matter extremely well and makes the insinuations appear simpler than they actually are. The Four-Chambered Heart investigates the complications of love, which will be contemplated by humans until no more exist. The relationship of Djuna and her musician lover, Rango, is again set in the fluctuating water on a house boat. She uses this to show the reader more than what is said; the relationship has the potential to sail, but instead it stays moored an increasingly in need of repair. This whole boat acts as a microcosm for their relationship throughout the novel. Rango is a married man which is attached to the shore by his hypochondriac wife who is comparable to Zeena in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome. She uses her manipulative powers to connect them all in a chain of mutual parasitism. They eventually come to resent each another, and they become parts of heart that are unable to communicate but able to work together to nearly emit life. This dependence eventually becomes unbearable. Nin relates this feeling to the reader by using the metaphor of a rag doll who has committed suicide. Djuna feels that by entering this relationship she has given up her life, which is very true. She eventually obtains release but feels as if her heart has stopped. This writing device allows the reader to identify with her dejected situation and the destruction of her dreams and the pain of her being. READ: Great Expectations by Charles Dickens EssayNin The Four-Chambered Heart. This tale was taken from an actual point in Nins life in which she had an affair on a house boat on the Seine Knapp 122-130. She used this story to analyze her situation and let others grow from her disheartening experience. This novel was a therapeutic device for Nin in which she could review her life objectively from different perspectives. Similarly, the diaries helped sort her feelings, and The House of Incest allowed her to delve into her surrealistic side. Nins flowing style and intangible ideals allow her novels to grow and influence the individual reader on many different levels, both of the subconscious and conscious mind. She was a writer who transferred her passion for life into the written word by the closest resemblance to actual thought. The more one tries to explain the greater the meaning is lost in translation. Nin had a passion like no other author I have read, as she states: If what Proust says is true, that happiness is the absence of fever, then I will never know happiness. For I am possessed my a fever for knowledge, experience, and creation. site 1. This fever is found in every page of the authors works, especially her erotic novels which are blunt and an education of experience that remains unparalleled. Yet with more subtlety she displays this burning in her tamer fiction, if one can read between the lines and fuse their beliefs with those that Nin wishes to convey. Her tales ignite the fire burning in the curious soul who has not yet to live or imagine half of what the author has experienced. Consequently she is an influential author on many young minds because she feels that her books are an emulation of her morale. The major themes found in The Four Chambered Heart and The House of Incest are presented in a way that allow everyone to be satisfied because Nin believed that We dont see things as they are, we see things as we are site 2. In conclusion, the use of negative capability permits the reader to see things as we are. This warrants the endurance of her writings through the passage of the decades for they still remain relevant to all of society.

Deferent Situation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Deferent Situation - Essay Example Whether it is the basic needs or needs with a greater importance on this hierarchy, the needs have to be catered to and only than can a proper relationship be created between the workforce and the management. If one was to analyze the effect of money in terms of its role as a motivating tool, it could be seen that its effect is only short-lived and consistent usage of this tool could only result in dissatisfaction on the behalf of the workforce and an overall negative relationship would be created. The management needs to establish the needs before taking any action as a demotivated workforce can have serious negative effects of the productivity, and work quality. In order to cater to the higher needs along the pyramid such a the need of self-esteem etc, the management would need to make use of non-monetary motivating tools such as words of praise, acknowledgement of work, management by objectives etc which would allow the workforce to feel like an integral part of the company. Answer: 2 This paper would review two important components of power defined as visible and invisible power. Visible power as the words themselves explain is seen as the first face of power and is the vocal part of power itself. It can be evidenced through the participatory behavior in the decision making process and as a result, the decision making can be influenced as well. Having a pluralist sense of power, one is able to observe the effect and activities pertaining to this power as well. The other form of power which this paper would be looking at would be the invisible form of power. It can be defined as that power which allows the decision making bodies to shape the requirement and wants of the people according to their actions and decisions. One is able to observe this sense of power in the social, cultural, ideological values and norms as through our practices we are able to at out this sense of power. While visible power can be observed, that is not the case with this form of power as one s not always able to observe this sense of power. The sources of power are money, intelligence, hard work, information and lastly the position that a person has. The strength of these sources determines the strength f the power itself. The basic two components of power itself; motivation and resources-decide the level of power than an individual has. Those people who take a more hands-on approach and are seen as more active decision makers are usually described as visible power seekers wile those who sit on the sidelines merely observing and guiding the processes are defined as invisible power seekers. Answer 3: Summary diagram: Dioxin Produced Decrease in mercury levels PVCs decrease Greater biological swath Incinerators down b) The article presents a number of stakeholders and all of them have an interest in terms of their own earnings, health or community health. The following stakeholders were identified as having an interest this venture and

To what extent do you agree with the view that HRM is probably the Essay

To what extent do you agree with the view that HRM is probably the most culturally sensitive of all managerial functional areas - Essay Example Furthermore, an organization’s socio-cultural environment affects the adaptation of Human Resource Management Strategies and different cultural contexts pose different challenges. For firms doing business in multicultural environments or generally across cultures parochial views to management of human resources can proof disastrous. This paper looks into the strong interrelationship that exists between Human Resource Management (HRM) and people’s culture. Theories that have been developed to explain the phenomenon are also to be explored. Today’s business environment has taken a turn to be one that is highly globalised meaning that a firm operating in a certain area or country, it does not necessarily expect to have people of that area only or even that country alone (Lawson & Shen 1998). This therefore stipulates that such kind of an organization should expect to have a workforce that is multiethnic or exhibiting variations in cultural backgrounds. This hereby calls for the HR Manager or the management to embrace this fact so as to ensure survival in the increasingly competitive and volatile global business environment. Just but to give an example is the tendency where firms from the developed countries set camp in developing countries and move ahead to adopt standard HRM approaches to their new workforce. This kind of approach tends to undermine the cultural reality of the people and these strategies before long crumble to the management’s amazement. This not withstanding, knowledge of the target mark et’s culture is essential in ensuring a firm’s survival. Culture in this regard is the collective social occurrence that goes on to affect the HRM practices in an organization operating in a particular cultural context. A culture of a people is a phenomenon that cannot be changed due to the fact that it has been with them for a long time and that they identify themselves with it. Culture in this respect gives one their

HIV in Nursing Issue according to Different Research Works Annotated Bibliography

HIV in Nursing Issue according to Different Research Works - Annotated Bibliography Example Even if the study of Taher and Abdelhai (2011) refers to a specific part of the population, the nurses, it could be effectively used for controlling the expansion of HIV in various social and professional groups. The research conducted by Taher and Abdelhai (2011) was divided into three phases: in the first phase, the two nursing groups were asked to complete a questionnaire (p.145). During the ‘health education intervention’ (p.145) that followed, nurses were given material related to HIV. After the completion of the above program, nurses were asked to complete another questionnaire (p.145). The comparison of the pre-session and after-session questionnaires helped the researchers to identify the role of IEC programs in controlling the expansion of HIV among nurses. It was proved that the intervention led to the increase of awareness of nurses in regard to HIV. An important increase of the general knowledge score was reported: From 7.29 before the intervention to 8.01 after the intervention (p.146). Also, undergraduates seemed to be more benefited by the intervention than the postgraduate nurses (p.146). The IEC programs can be effective in controlling the expansion of HIV within various social groups. The perceptions of nurses on caring and communicating with people that suffer from HIV can influence the performance of nurses in regard to the above activities. It is probably for this reason that Stavropoulou et al. (2011) have decided to focus on the particular subject. A key issue, also explored in the study mentioned above, is a potential effect on education on caring for people with HIV. The research has been conducted through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to nurses of the Technological Educational Institution of Crete, Greece. In total, 100 questionnaires were completed (p.291). A high percentage of the participants, about 40%, stated concerns for caring people with HIV (p.291).  

Current Issues for Strategic Information Systems Report Coursework

Current Issues for Strategic Information Systems Report - Coursework Example Thus, in the absence of a strategic information system an organization cannot imagine the proper working, superior performance and greater credibility. This report discusses some of the current issues for strategic information systems in the context of a specific organization. For this report, I have chosen Greens Lime Mouldings (GLM) business. This report will present an overview of their strategic information system, its operational performance and possible issues regarding better corporate support and will also specify an improved IS/IM based strategy for business management. 1. Introduction A Strategic Information System (SIS) is an information system that allows the organizations to alter or otherwise update their business structure and/or strategy. Basically, the strategic information systems are aimed at streamlining and increasing the response time to varying or changing environmental aspects and helping it in gaining a competitive edge over other business organizations. ... In addition, the strategic information systems also allow the business organizations to establish and implement the data collection policies to support the database in optimizing marketing opportunities. Finally, synchronized information systems that are aimed at maintaining a quick response and the quality indicators. The basic purpose of implementing an SIS is to gain a competitive edge over other business organization through its participation to the organization’s tactical objectives and offering a capability to considerably improve the efficiency and performance of an organization. In addition, many researchers believe that an SIS helps business organizations gain a competitive edge and to help very much at the cost of those that cause to undergo competitive drawback (Hemmatfar et al., 2010; Rogerson & Fidler, 1994). This report discusses the use of strategic information systems in the context of a specific organization ‘Greens Lime Mouldings (GLM)’ that is a manufacturing company which produces a wide variety of small plastic products. In addition, they produce both their own standard range of plastic products which they supply to retailers, and limited production of plastic items designed on the basis of a customer’s specification. At the present, the organization desires to improve its business structure in order to improve the business performance and efficiency. In this scenario their basic goal is to implement a strategic information and management system. Raynor Bow has recently joined the management team to run the warehouse and has introduced a warehouse system resulting in greater competence in this side of the business. Business Managing Director Bob Green desires to invest more in GLM for the foreseeable future of business. They have

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism Assignment

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism - Assignment Example Hence the need for an efficient allocation of the existing resource base through prioritization of wants is being felt increasingly. Effective allocation of the scarce resource base is the only way through which a country can satisfy the demands of its growing population and work towards profitability. To counter the system of effective allocation of the existing resource base the economies of the world are generally faced by three fundamental questions. Firstly, the economy needs to consider the nature and the pattern of the goods and services that need to be produced to meet the needs and demands of the growing population. Secondly, the economy needs to identify the most effective way through which the goods and services can be produced to justify the use of depleting resource base. Thirdly, the economy must understand the needs of the target population who will eventually consume the goods and services produced. (Riley, 2006; Economic Systems, 2010). To this end, it is found that allocation of the scarce and limited resource base in an economy driven by ‘market mechanism’ is conditioned on the price quotes obtained through auctions or bids. The resources of the economy are transferred to private hands through the system of bids and auctions. The observation made in this regard shows that the government of different countries operating in a market mechanism has made the private sector get a license in relation to oil exploration and land property rights. The private system in the economy owing to the above fact has emerged as key players in areas like broadcasting, education, housing and oil exploration. Here, it must be noted that allocation of the limited resource base through market mechanism depends on the purchaser’s desire to pay for the same. Information about the highest price that can be paid by the purchasers are gathered through the bidding system and the decision is taken henceforth on the acquired data.

Cyberlaw Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Cyberlaw Research - Essay Example From the essay's analysis, it may be seen that new legislation does indeed impact upon individual liberties. In cases such as that of Jose Padilla discussed in the essay, the actions of the Government have been dismissed by the Courts as violative of constitutional rights to freedom. Terrorists now have access to Cyber weapons such as TEDs, RF munitions, TEMPEST monitoring devices and electromagnetic bombs in addition to the uploading of malicious viruses. By hacking into the access codes for control of weapons and missile systems of the United States of America, or locations such as the World Trade Center, terrorists can create havoc – long distance and unidentified. The purpose of a terrorist attack is to generate fear in the mind of the victim. Serious cyber attacks can be conceived and planned without detectable logistic preparation. They can be invisibly reconnoitered, clandestinely rehearsed, and then mounted in a matter of minutes or even seconds without revealing the i dentity and location of the attacker. Through manipulation of cyberspace architecture and increased surveillance in the US today, online activity is being regulated today. The restrictive immigration laws have ensured that the likelihood of a large scale attack is defused. But this cannot be equated to a victory for terrorists. The researcher states that there must be more emphasis on preserving individual liberties but it is not of a magnitude that justifies the conclusion that the terrorists have won the war.

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism Assignment

Allocation of Scarce Resources in a Market Mechanism - Assignment Example Hence the need for an efficient allocation of the existing resource base through prioritization of wants is being felt increasingly. Effective allocation of the scarce resource base is the only way through which a country can satisfy the demands of its growing population and work towards profitability. To counter the system of effective allocation of the existing resource base the economies of the world are generally faced by three fundamental questions. Firstly, the economy needs to consider the nature and the pattern of the goods and services that need to be produced to meet the needs and demands of the growing population. Secondly, the economy needs to identify the most effective way through which the goods and services can be produced to justify the use of depleting resource base. Thirdly, the economy must understand the needs of the target population who will eventually consume the goods and services produced. (Riley, 2006; Economic Systems, 2010). To this end, it is found that allocation of the scarce and limited resource base in an economy driven by ‘market mechanism’ is conditioned on the price quotes obtained through auctions or bids. The resources of the economy are transferred to private hands through the system of bids and auctions. The observation made in this regard shows that the government of different countries operating in a market mechanism has made the private sector get a license in relation to oil exploration and land property rights. The private system in the economy owing to the above fact has emerged as key players in areas like broadcasting, education, housing and oil exploration. Here, it must be noted that allocation of the limited resource base through market mechanism depends on the purchaser’s desire to pay for the same. Information about the highest price that can be paid by the purchasers are gathered through the bidding system and the decision is taken henceforth on the acquired data.

Organization and Environmental Analysis Essay Example for Free

Organization and Environmental Analysis Essay Huawei Technologies technical diversification of its portfolio and value addition to its existing products is highlighted by Huawei being ranked amongst the top 5 in the world in terms of essential UMTS patents. By June 2008, Huawei had filed 30,569 patent applications. (Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The big inclination towards RD and strong cost differentiation has enabled Huawei Technologies to achieve what the other dominant players in the telecom industry have been struggling to achieve- customization! .This strong customer focus is also the face of Huawei Technologies projected through its brand logo. The Huawei Technologies brand logo reflects its core principles of â€Å"customer-focus, innovation, steady and sustainable growth, and harmony, conveying Huawei Technologies sincere commitment to helping its customers realizing their potential to launch a variety of competitive services through continuous innovation and an enterprising spirit. † (Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The Huawei Technologies logo was recently changed and modified to reflect harmony as also one of its key elements, so as to convey its social responsibility. Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). This has brought in the much needed image change required by Huawei Technologies primarily being seen as a Chinese vendor. Figure1: Huawei Contract Sales (Source Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release) Opex Capex leverage which Huawei Technologies has been able to offer its customers has enabled it to demonstrate cost leadership which is evident as 72% of its contr act sales were from overseas market in 2007. Let alone in 2007, it had 45% increases in its contract sales revenue. See figure 1. Huawei Corporate Information-Huawei Media release). The strong hold which Huawei Technologies is being able to maintain also comes from the socio-political environment it works in as the labour cost in China is one sixth of that of United States or Europe. Thus it has become a key external environmental factor . Internally Huawei Technologies has capitalized on human resource and RD. But has the cost differentiation been enough, will it still promise growth and more market share? These are the biggest questions which need to be addressed for a guaranteed continuous growth. This question has made Huawei Technologies rethink its marketing strategy towards value proposition, and to value chain analysis (Porter 1985) for a bigger market share. Before that however lies another hurdle of poor quality perception a question mark on the quality of Chinese branding. Issue 2- The dragon brand wagon. With the FMCG market taking blows after blows because of adulterated Chinese raw materials, the general consumer perception on Chinese quality is struggling to establish a stand. Though it specifically affects as said the FMCG market or the business dealing in B2C but the general perception affects all including B2B. And this has been one of the prime challenges. From 1998 to 2001 Huawei was looked at with distrust doubt . With the Cisco lawsuit the market penetration in the developed economies had become more difficult and required 1000 times more effort as compared to its American or European counterparts. (The Economist, Nov 2007). I believe that the focus needs to be shifted towards creating a strong brand if Huawei Technologies needs to keep its foothold in the global telecom market. Thus strengthening of the Huawei brand has become even more important. Remodeling to establish Huawei as a brand has been now the new focus to develop a better perceived quality create brand equity. The need of brand recognition has also become very vital to be seen as a valued collaborator for its customers. Brand development has never been big in China; with large volume market brand recognition never existed in the Chinese market. Hence it becomes more essential as well as difficult for Huawei to develop its brand image to compete in the global economy. The strong need for branding and change for the marketing orientation to move towards the service sector becomes more vital when we look into the 5C’s of Huawei Technologies. Issue 4- The 5C’s. Exploring the 5 C’s of Huawei Technologies highlights the core competencies of Huawei and helps us in understanding why a new orientation approach is required . As discussed earlier Huawei Technologies dominates in cost differentiation and is armed with a strong RD to achieve customization in a high barrier industry and it has been a key strength of Huawei Technologies. But a quick SWOT analysis brings out the lack of perceived quality in the market as one of the greatest threats Huawei Technologies faces. Its major competitor Ericsson currently leading the market share comes with a very strong branding and high perceived quality. The dilemma is not just the market perception but also the perception of the employees themselves despite the fact that human capital is a key resource strength of Huawei Technologies which also drives to low labor costs.

Sucker Rod Pumping System Engineering Essay

Sucker Rod Pumping System Engineering Essay Artificial lift allows wells to be produced that are non-flowing. Generally this is achieved by a mechanical device inside the well, such as pump; decreasing the weight of the liquid/gas mixture via high pressure gas; or improving the lift efficiency of the well. In the production string (tubing) that is usually set without a production packer, a pump placed below the dynamic fluid levelling the well lifts the crude up to the surface. This energy input allows the fluid to continue on its way and relieves the pay zone of all or part of the back pressure downstream from the pump. Sucker Rod Pumping is the most common method of artificial lift (85%), with gas lift second (10%), and then electrical submersible and hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Sucker rod pump uses a vertical positive-displacement pump consisting of a cylinder and a hollow plunger with a valve i.e. it works by creating a reciprocating motion in a sucker rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly. It is run into the tubing screwed onto the end of a rod string. The system is actuated from the surface by a motor that drive a walking beam or a hydraulic elevator. Introduction Sucker Rod Pumps, also called Donkey pumps or beam pumps, are the most common artificial-lift system used in land-based operations. Motor drives a reciprocating beam, connected to a polished rod passing into the tubing via a stuffing box. The sucker rod continues down to the oil level and is connected to a plunger with a valve. On each upward stroke, the plunger lifts a volume of oil up and through the wellhead discharge. On the downward stroke it sinks (it should sink, not be pushed) with oil flowing though the valve. The motor speed and torque is controlled for efficiency and minimal wear with a Pump off Controller (PoC). Use is limited to shallow reservoirs down to a few hundred meters, and flows up to about 40 litres (10 gal) per stroke . Technical Details: Artificial lift allows wells to be produced that are non-flowing. Generally this is achieved by a mechanical device inside the well, such as pump; decreasing the weight of the liquid/gas mixture via high pressure gas; or improving the lift efficiency of the well. Artificial lift consists of two main processes: Mechanical lifting by pumps. Lessening the fluid density by mixing with gas injected in the part of the production string ,or gas lift In the production string (tubing) that is usually set without a production packer, a pump placed below the dynamic fluid levelling the well lifts the crude up to the surface. This energy input allows the fluid to continue on its way and relieves the pay zone of all or part of the back pressure downstream from the pump. The two most common pumping methods in the world are: Sucker rod pumping Centrifugal pumping Sucker Rod Pumping: It is the most common method of artificial lift (85%); with gas lift second (10%), and then electrical submersible and hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Sucker rod pump uses a vertical positive-displacement pump consisting of a cylinder and a hollow plunger with a valve i.e. it works by creating a reciprocating motion in a sucker rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly. .It is run into the tubing screwed onto the end of a rod string. The system is actuated from the surface by a motor that drive a walking beam or a hydraulic elevator. Components Every part of the pump is important for its correct operation. The most commonly used parts are described below: Barrel: The barrel is a large cylinder which can be from 10 to 36 feet long and a diameter from 1.25 to 3.75  inches (95  mm). After using several materials for its construction, the API (American Petroleum Institute) standardized the use of 2 materials or compositions for this part which are carbon steel and brass, both with an inside coating of chrome. The advantage of brass against carbon steel, weather is a more soft material, is its 100% resistance to corrosion. Piston: This is a nickel-metal sprayed steel cylinder that goes inside the barrel. Its main purpose is to create a sucking effect that lift the fluids beneath it and then, with the help of the valves, take those fluids above it and, progressively, out of the well. It achieves this with a reciprocal up and own movement. Valves: The valve has two components the seat and the ball which create a complete seal when closed. After trying several materials, the most commonly used seats are made of carbon nitride and the ball is often made of silicon nitride. In the past, balls of iron, ceramic and titanium were used. This last type of balls, made of titanium, is still being used but only where crude oil is extremely dense and/or the quantity of fluids is too much. The most common configuration of a rod pump requires two valves, called the travelling valve and fixed or static valve. Piston Rod: Its a rod that connects the piston with the outside of the pump. Its main purpose is to transfer the engine produced by the Nodding Donkey above in an up/down reciprocal movement. Fitting: The rest of the parts of the pump is called fitting and is, basically, small pieces designed to keep everything hold together in the right place. Most of these parts are designed to let the fluids pass uninterrupted. Filter: The job of the filter, as guessed, is to stop big parts of rock, rubber or any other garbage that might be loose in the well from going into the pump. There are several types of filters, being a common iron cylinder with enough holes in it to permit the entrance of the amount of fluid the pump needs the most commonly used. Explanation Of How It Works/ Is Used: Figure A: Components of Sucker Rod Pump ` A motor and gearbox supply power to turn the power shaft. There is a counterweight at the end of the crank. A pitman arm is attached to the crank and it moves upward when the crank moves counterclockwise. The Samson arms support the walking beam. The walking beam pivots and lowers or raises the plunger. The   rod attaches the plunger to the horsehead. The horsehead (not rigidly attached) allows the joint (where rod is attached) to move in a vertical path instead of following an arc. Every time the plunger rises, oil is pumped out through a spout. The pump consits of a four bar linkage is comprised of the crank, the pitman arm, the walking beam, and the ground. Figure B: Operational Detail of Sucker Rod Pump Here the plunger is shown at its lowest position. The pitman arm and the crank are in-line. The maximum pumping angle, denoted as theta in the calculations, is shown. L is the stroke length. After one stroke, the plunger moves upward by one stroke length and the walking beam pivots. The crank also rotates counter clockwise. At the end of the upstroke the pitman arm, the crank, and the walking beam are in-line. For name and location of parts, see Figure A: A motor supplies power to a gear box. A gearbox reduces the angular velocity and increases the torque relative to this input. As shown in Figure B, (the crank turns counter clockwise) and lifts the counterweight. Since the crank is connected to the walking beam via the pitman arm, the beam pivots and submerges the plunger. Figure B also shows the horsehead at its lowest position. This marks the end of the down stroke. Note that the crank and the pitman arm are in-line at this position. The upstroke raises the horsehead and the plunger, along with the fluid being pumped. The upstroke begins at the point shown in Figure B. At the end of the upstroke, all joints are in-line. This geometric constraint determines the length of the pitman arm. Figures C (a) and C (b) show the plunger and ball valves in more detail. These valves are opened by fluid flow alone. During the plungers upstroke the plunger valve or riding valve is closed. The column of liquid corresponding to the stroke will be lifted up to the surface while, relieved of the weight of the fluid, the pressure of the pay zone can then open the bottom valve or standing valve, thereby allowing the pump barrel to fill up with effluent. During the down stroke the valve of the hollow plunger opens and the standing valve closes, thereby preventing the fluid from returning into the pay zone and allowing the plunger to return freely to its initial point at the base of pump barrel. The pump is single acting and its theoretical output is equal to the volume generated by the plungers stroke and cross-section multiplied by the pumping rate, i.e. in a homogenous system: Q=S*N*A Where, Q=Flow rate. S=Stroke. N=Number of strokes per time unit. A=Area of the plunger. In practice following parameters are also involved: An efficiency factor A coefficient depending on the units that are use Figure C(a) TABLE OF VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SUCKER ROD STRING AND PUMPING UNIT LOADING Polished rod load Pumping speed Pump setting or depth Physical characteristics of the rod string Dynamic characteristics of the rod string Plunger diameter of the pump Specific gravity Pump intake pressure Polished rod acceleration pattern Mechanical friction Fluid friction Pump submergence Compressibility or gas interference Pumping unit inertia Pumping unit geometry Counterbalance Torque characteristics of prime mover Flow line pressure Innovativeness and Usefulness: Any liquid-producing reservoir will have a reservoir pressure: some level of energy or potential that will force fluid (liquid and/or gas) to areas of lower energy or potential. You can think of this much like the water pressure in your municipal water system. As soon as the pressure inside a production well is decreased below the reservoir pressure, the reservoir will act to fill the well back up, just like opening a valve on your water system. Depending on the depth of the reservoir (deeper results in higher pressure requirement) and density of the fluid (heavier mixture results in higher requirement), the reservoir may or may not have enough potential to push the fluid to the surface. Most oil production reservoirs have sufficient potential to produce oil and gas which are light naturally in the early phases of production. Eventually, as water which is heavier than oil and much heavier than gas encroaches into production and reservoir pressure decreases as the reservoir depletes, all wells will stop flowing naturally. At some point, most well operators will implement an artificial lift plan to continue and/or to increase production. In relative to US data sucker rod pumping is the most common method (85%); with gas lift second (10%), and then the electrical submersible and the hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Plunger lift and several variations of all these processes are in limited use. The prominence of sucker rod pumping is due, in part, to the large number of shallow, low productivity wells in the Midwestern and western United States. Mainly sucker rod pumps are used for onshore areas. Sucker rod pumps are used primarily to draw oil from underground reservoirs. The mechanisms it employs however are found in a wide variety of machines. The four bar linkage can be found on door dampers, on automobile engines, and on devices such as the lazy tong. The Sterling engines also use a linkage similar to the one used by the pump. Current Status of Development: Every project requires an in depth study of the topic. Being in the starting phase of our project, currently we are going through as many books, journals and online material as we can. Collecting as much data as we can, we plan to go through an extensive study of sucker-rod pumps and artificial gas drive techniques, principles etc. Having a comprehensive knowledge of sucker-rod pumps is our first objective, after which we will think of ways in which we can apply practically. Current sources being referred: